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“Kratom” refers to both Mitragyna speciosa, a tree native to Southeast Asia, and to products derived from its leaves that are marketed as herbal supplements. Kratom leaves contain many chemical compounds (known as bioactive alkaloids) that can affect the body. The most well-studied compounds related to kratom are Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.
People typically use kratom by swallowing raw plant matter in capsule or powder form, mixing kratom powder into food or drinks, brewing the leaves as a tea, or taking liquid kratom extract. People who use kratom report both stimulant-like effects (increased energy, alertness, and motivation) and effects that are similar to opioids and sedatives (relaxation, pain relief, and drowiness). Kratom comes in a variety of delivery methods, veins (red, white, or green, reflecting the plant’s maturity and its specific effects), strains, and more. Legal in most regions of the United States, kratom has become enormously popular in recent years thanks to the impressive relief that it can provide.
Kratom, scientifically known as Mitragyna speciosa, is a tropical evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia. Its leaves have been used for centuries for their stimulant and analgesic properties.
The active compounds in kratom leaves are alkaloids, primarily Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. These compounds interact with opioid receptors in the brain, producing sedation, pleasure, and decreased pain, especially when users consume large amounts. But they don't belong to the opioid class of drugs. Their affinity and selectivity towards different opioid receptors (mu, delta, kappa) and the consequent downstream signaling vary from traditional opioids, contributing to the unique effects and side-effect profile of kratom.
Here's a general overview of how Kratom is typically harvested:
Kratom leaves are traditionally chewed, brewed into tea, or crushed into a powder and ingested. It can also be found in capsules, beverages, or extracts.
Different strains of kratom are distinguished based on the color of the veins in the leaves and where they are grown. The various strains are reported to have distinct effects, although scientific research on these differences is limited and more evidence is needed to substantiate the unique effects of each strain. Below are some of the common strains of kratom:
Red Vein Kratom:
White Vein Kratom:
Green Vein Kratom:
Yellow Vein Kratom:
For centuries, kratom has been used to treat various ailments. Some indigenous people chew the leaves for their stimulant effects, to combat fatigue and increase productivity. It has also been used as a local remedy for pain, diarrhea, and cough.
Kratom's effects can vary depending on the strain and dosage but may include pain relief (effectiveness can vary among individuals but should not be used as a replacement for prescribed pain medications without medical guidance), increased energy, improved mood, and relaxation – more research is needed for all this though. Higher doses can lead to sedation. On the other side of the spectrum, side effects of kratom may include nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, and dizziness. More severe side effects can occur with high doses.
The legal status of kratom varies by country and even by state within the United States. It is illegal in some places, while being legal or partially regulated in others.
Kratom can be safe when used responsibly and in moderation. However, there are potential risks, including addiction (especially when used regularly in high doses, as physical and psychological dependence can occur), dependency, and adverse reactions. It should be used cautiously and avoided by individuals with certain medical conditions.
Standard drug tests, such as the SAMHSA-5, do not detect kratom. Kratom's primary alkaloids, Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, are structurally different from substances tested in typical drug panels, such as those for THC, opiates, amphetamines, cocaine, and PCP. Still, these are not commonly used unless there's a specific reason to test for kratom. For instance, in some occupational settings or legal scenarios where kratom use might be suspected or relevant, these tests might be administered. Also, while rare, there have been anecdotal reports of kratom use leading to false positives for certain substances, particularly opioids. However, false positives can be clarified with a confirmation test, like GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry).
Dosage can vary depending on the individual and the desired effects. It's recommended to start with a low dose (1-2 grams) and gradually increase until the desired effects are achieved. However, responsible and cautious use is crucial.
Kratom has the potential to interact with certain medications, particularly those that affect the liver. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you're taking medications and considering kratom.
Some people have used Kratom to manage withdrawal symptoms when discontinuing opioid drugs. However, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider for a safe withdrawal plan.
Long-term use of kratom can lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms when not taken. It may also have adverse effects on the liver and kidneys in some cases.
Research on kratom is ongoing, but it is still relatively limited. The scientific community continues to study its effects, safety, and potential medical applications.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) and kava (Piper methysticum) are both plants that have been traditionally used in Pacific Islander and Southeast Asian cultures, respectively, for their psychoactive properties. However, they’ve different active compounds, mechanisms of action, effects, and potential risks.